Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 278-283 , March 2007

The Fetal Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Anatomic and Histologic Study

  • Mario Ferretti, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
    • ,
  • Eric A. Levicoff, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
    • ,
  • Trevor A. Macpherson, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
    • ,
  • Morey S. Moreland, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
    • ,
  • Moises Cohen, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
    • ,
  • Freddie H. Fu, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Freddie H. Fu, M.D., 3471 Fifth Ave, Suite 1011, LSK, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, U.S.A.

References 

  1. Gardner E, O’Rahilly R. The early development of the knee joint in staged human embryos. J Anat. 1968;102:289–299
  2. Merida-Velasco JA, Sanches-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Rodriguez-Vaquez JF, Merida-Velasco JR, Jimenez-Collado J. Development of the human knee joint. Anat Rec. 1997;248:269–278
  3. Merida-Velasco JA, Sanches-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Merida-Velasco JR, Rodriguez-Vaquez JF, Jimenez-Collado J. Development of the human knee joint ligaments. Anat Rec. 1997;248:259–268
  4. Tena-Arregui MD, Barrio-Asensio C, Viejo-Tirado F, Puerta-Fonolla J, Murilo-Gonzales J. Arthroscopic study of the knee joint in fetuses. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:862–868
  5. Odensten M, Gillquist J. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and a rationale for reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:257–262
  6. Arnoczky SP. Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;19–25
  7. Girgis FG, Marshal JL, Monajen A. The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint (Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;106:216–231
  8. Harner CD, Baek GH, Vogrin TM, Carlin GJ, Kashiwaguchi S, Woo SL. Quantitative analysis of human cruciate ligament insertions. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:741–749
  9. Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Nagase T, Shirasawa S, Akita K, Sekiya I. Cadaveric knee observation study for describing anatomic femoral tunnel placement for two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:356–361
  10. Norwood LA, Cross MJ. Anterior cruciate ligament: Functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities. Am J Sports Med. 1979;7:23–26
  11. Amis AA, Dawkins GP. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries). J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:260–267
  12. Sakane M, Fox RJ, Woo SL, Livesay GA, Li G, Fu FH. In situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and its bundles in response to anterior tibial loads. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:285–293
  13. Behr CT, Potter HG, Paletta GA. The relationship of the femoral origin of the anterior cruciate ligament and the distal femoral physeal plate in the skeletally immature knee (An anatomic study). Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:781–787
  14. Ellison AE, Berg EE. Embryology, anatomy, and function of the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am. 1985;16:3–14
  15. Shino K, Inoue M, Horibe S, Nagano J, Ono K. Maturation of allograft tendons transplanted into the knee (An arthroscopic and histological study). J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70:556–560
  16. Falconiero RP, DiStefano VJ, Cook TM. Revascularization and ligamentization of autogenous anterior cruciate ligament grafts in humans. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:197–205
  17. Duthon VP, Barea C, Abrassart S, Fasel JH, Fritschy D, Menetrey DJ. Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14:204–213
  18. Scapinelli R. Vascular anatomy of the human cruciate ligaments and surrounding structures. Clin Anat. 1997;10:151–162

 Recipient of the 2006 Arthroscopy Association of North America Resident/Fellow Award in Basic Science.

 Supported by a grant from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh. The authors report no conflict of interest.

PII: S0749-8063(06)01369-7

doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2006.11.006

Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 278-283 , March 2007

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