Purpose
To evaluate the platelet capture rate of whole blood fibrin clots and the expression,
secretion, and retention of the growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor
(bFGF) from fibrin clots and to determine how these levels may be modulated by allogeneic
adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs).
Methods
Whole blood from 10 human volunteers was transferred to a clotting device and the
platelet capture rate determined. Two experimental conditions and 1 control were evaluated
over 2 weeks in vitro. Clots made from human whole blood without ASCs, clot(−)ASC,
were compared with clots with ASCs incorporated, clot(+)ASC, and a control group of
synthetic polyethylene glycol gels with ASCs incorporated, control(+)ASCs. All conditions
were examined for secretion and retention of VEGF, PDGF, and bFGF via enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The analysis of platelet retention for
clots made with this device was performed.
Results
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed significantly higher (P < .001) secretion of VEGF in clot(+)ASC compared with clot(−)ASC or control(+)ASC.
In contrast, clot(−)ASC produced soluble PDGF, and the addition of ASCs results in
decreased soluble PDGF with concomitant increases in PDGF immunoreactivity of ASCs.
Soluble bFGF levels were low in clot(−)ASC, and were found to increase at early time
points in clot(+)ASC. Furthermore, bFGF immunoreactivity could be detected in clot(+)ASC,
whereas no bFGF immunoreactivity is present in clot(−)ASC or control(+)ASC. Control(+)ASC
displayed a spike in bFGF secretion at day 0, which may be due to a stress response
elicited by the encapsulation process. Approximately 98% of available platelets in
whole blood were concentrated in the clot on formation.
Conclusions
Fibrin clots made by this method retain high concentrations of platelets, and when
incorporated with ASCs show modulated secretion and immunoreactivity of VEGF, PDGF,
and bFGF.
Clinical Relevance
Whole blood fibrin clots capture platelets and release growth factors, and the addition
of ASCs increases VEGF release for up to 2 weeks after clot formation. This suggests
that whole blood fibrin clots may be a viable scaffold and delivery vehicle for future
stem cell treatments.
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 31, 2017
Accepted:
August 3,
2017
Received:
February 9,
2017
Footnotes
The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: C.S.P. receives $5,000 grant from Pierce Surgical; receives consultancy fees from Arthrex; is a private practitioner at Alta Orthopaedics; and owns stock in Pierce Surgical (less than $10,000, less than 5% of company, no voting or control rights). K.R.S receives grant from U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF-09-0001). Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
Identification
Copyright
© 2017 Published by Elsevier on behalf of the Arthroscopy Association of North America
